Resolution of enantiomers

Optical activity (=the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light) is a direct result of chirality. Often times, the chirality is based on the existance of at least one chiral center, which has four different ligand attached to it. These four ligands can be oriented in two ways around the center, leading two different molecules that are called enantiomers. These two molecules are mirror images of each other. They are not superimposable.

Note that the chiral center does not have to be a carbon atom but can also be a nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus atom as the examples below illustrate

Enantiomers are identical in most tests like melting point, boiling point, solubility, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, etc. However, they behave differently when it comes to the rotation of plane-polarized light or when placed in a chiral environment.

A common way of separation of enantiomers uses the conversion into diastereomers, that are not mirror images of each other. The following example demonstrates this principle. The two enantiomers 1-phenylethylamine (S-(-), R-(+)) are separated using (L)-(+)-tartaric acid (also known as the (R,R)-form) as resolving agent. The two salts formed possess different cation ions are therefore not enantiomers of each other anymore. The (S)-(1)-phenylethyl ammonium-(R,R)-tartrate salt crystallizes faster than the (R)-(1)-phenylethyl ammonium-(R,R)-tartrate salt.

The free amine can be recovered by reaction of the ammonium salt with a strong base i.e., sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. While the ammonium salt is soluble in aqueous solution, the free amine is better soluble in organic solvents. The charged tartrate ion stays behind in the aqueous solution. In order to isolate the (R)-form of the amine, the (S,S)-form of tartaric acid should be used (Ault, A., Org. Synth. 1973. Coll. Vol. 5, 932; 1969, 49, 93). The resolution of 1-phenylethylamine can also be accomplished using L-malic acid (Ingersoll, A.W., Org. Synth. 1943, Coll. Vol. 2, 506; 1937, 17, 80 ). L-tartaric acid can also be used to resolve 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine, another commonly used backbone of chiral catalysts. (Pikul, S., Corey, E. Org. Synth. 1998, Coll. Vol. 9, 387; 1993, 71, 2)

1,1'-bi-2-naphthol can be resolved in various ways as well. The diagram below illustrates the strategy sown below (Kazlauskas, R.J., Org. Synth. 1998, Coll. Vol. 9, 77; 1992, 70, 60). Here, the diphenol is first converted into a diester. Then, cholesterol esterase is used to hydrolyse the (S)-enantiomer of the ester, which precipitates from solution. The (R)-enantiomer can be obtained after the workup of the mother liquors.

How does this relate to the in-lab work?

The first step is the resolution of the racemic 1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The commercially available product is a racemic mixture of the trans isomers. In order to perform an asymmetric synthesis, the starting material has to be optical pure (or close to it). The resolution of the diastereomers is based on the different solubilities of the diastereomeric (R,R) tartrate salts that are obtained by reaction with (L)-(+)-tartaric acid. The (1R,2R)-amine-(2R,3R)-acid salt crystallizes from hot water, while the (1S, 2S)-amine-(2R,3R)-acid salt stays in solution. After recrystallization from water the obtained product is usually pure enough (>99 % according to literature) for the use in asymmetric synthesis.

In order to prove the optical purity, the optical rotation can be determine using a polarimeter. In chem 30CL, currently GC on a chiral column is used to determine the optical purity (after releasing the free amine by reaction of the tartrate salt with sodium hydroxide).

A discussion of the X-ray structure of the product can be found here http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja00134a007

For more information see "A Short Survival Kit for O=Chem Lab"