Meeting 12 (Esterification and Nitration)

last updated Friday, February 12, 2016

1. a. Acetic acid anhydride is used as carboxylic acid precursor in the reaction because a Brønsted acid is able to generate the acylium ion. This is not possible from glacial acetic acid.

b. Concentrated phosphoric acid (85 %) is used as catalyst in this reaction. Note that most of the literature proposes that the carbonyl group is protonated because the resulting cation is resonance-stabilized. Some older literature claims that the oxygen in the bridge is protonated generating acetic acid as a leaving group.

c. Despite the addition of the catalyst, the reaction is still slow at room temperature. In order to establish the equilibrium faster, the reaction mixture is heated to 80-85 ^oC. An increase from 20 ^oC to about 80-85 ^oC will increase of the reaction by a factor of about 60, the difference between about 1.5 % conversion or 90 % conversion (theoretically).

d. The reaction mixture is added to cold water in order to precipitate the ester and the phenol. The catalyst, the acetic acid and the anhydride remain dissolved in water.

e. Ethanol (95 %)is used as solvent for the recrystallization. The ester is less polar than the starting phenol, which causes the ester to precipitate before the phenol.

f. The O-acylation product is an aliphatic ester that should displays a carbonyl stretch at ν=1750 cm^-1. The C-acylation product should display a broad hydroxyl stretch ( ν=2800-3300 cm^-1) and a carbonyl stretch at ν=1670-1685 cm^-1due to the conjugation and the intramolecular hydrogen bond (if the acetyl group is adjacent to the phenol).

2. a. The nitronium ion is a very powerful electrophile because there is only one "good resonance structure (O=N=O)", in which the nitrogen atom bears the bulk of the positive charge.

b. The electrophile is obtained by the reaction of magnesium nitrate and glacial acetic acid. The acetyl nitrate (CH₃COONO₂) formed decomposes to produce the nitronium ion (and an acetate ion).

c. The nitro ester and the ester are supposed to precipitate while the magnesium salts and the acetic acid remain in solution. It is important to use ice here to reduce the hydrolysis of the ester function.

d. The crude probably contains different stereoisomers of the nitration products of the ester since there are several possible positions (4', 2' or 2-nitro). In addition, there could also be some nitro phenols if the ester function was hydrolyzed during the reaction, and unreacted ester.

e. Independent from the position of the nitro group, the nitro ester should display two strong peaks for the nitro group at ~1530 cm^-1 and ~1360 cm^-1.