updated last Wednesday, October 19, 2005
Week 4 Problem Set - 30BL (Turn in your computer assignment during week 5)
- Include Part I into your prelab. DO PROBLEMS (II-IIII) DURING YOUR ASSIGNED LAB PERIOD.
- ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS ARE TO BE DONE IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK.
- This assignment is worth 10 points and should take between 45-60 minutes to complete.
- Bring a black, blue and red pen (or crayon or pencil).
- ATTENTION: PC_Spartan 2002 application has a problem printing sometimes!
BUT THERE IS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PRINTING
FROM SPARTAN. Here's what do:
- Open a blank document in MS Word.
- Copy the molecule from Spartan (Ctrl C)
- Paste into Word
- And print -- voila!
Part I: Phase Transfer Oxidation (due in prelab)
1. A student heats a mixture of 2,2-Dimethylbutan-1-ol with conc. sulfuric acid at ~150 oC. He distills the mixture slowly at the same time.
a. How many compounds will he find in the distillate? Explain.
b. He acquires the GC spectrum for the distillate using an HP-5 column and a temperature gradient (70 oC to 120 oC at 5 oC/min). Sketch the GC spectrum and explain briefly.
c. Why does he have to use a very dilute solution? Which solvent should be used here?
2. A separatory funnel is used this week during the work-up. Answer the following questions.
a. Which tests do you have to perform prior to using the separatory funnel?
b. Why do you have to remove the stopper on top when you drain the solution from the separatory funnel?
c. Why do you have to vent the separatory funnel frequently during the extraction?
d. Why do most separatory funnels have a pear-shaped appearance?
3. Referring to the reaction carried out in the lab, answer the following questions.
a. How could you test if the reaction is completed before you work it up (Hint: there are two methods!)?
b. Which layer contains the product? How could you test this hypothesis?
c. Assuming that you have about 30 mL of solution after the extraction, which contains 5% of water (by volume), how many grams of drying agent should be used here? Show your work.
d. Which precautions should be taken when removing the solvent in this experiment?
e. The crude product purified using column chromatography. Outline a brief procedure.
PART II. (Reduction of Camphor, In-lab assignment)
This assignment is to be completed in the UCLA Science Learning Center computing labs during the lab period (or afterwards if you don't complete it in the allotted time). The assignment is due during meeting 5 and is worth 10 points.
1. Optimize the above structural geometry of borneol, camphor and isoborneol. (see below instructions). Compare the heat of formation of borneol and isoborneol. Which one is thermodynamically more stable? How can you rationalize the differences?
2. Determine the dipol moment for borneol, camphor and isoborneol. (see below instructions). In the GC spectrum, camphor has the shortest retention time, then isoborneol and borneol last. Can you rationalize the GC results based on the calculated dipole momenta of these compounds? (Note: The GC column is relatively non-polar.) Do not apply any constraints in this part!
Instructions:
- Build, minimize and save the structure. (don't forget to Minimize the structure after building it!!)
this is the minimize button. Always minimize your structure before leaving the building mode.
- click on
to enter View Mode
- Select Calculations from the Setup menu.
The following window should appear. Select the options shown.
Verify the Charge is Neutral and Multiplicity is Singlet. Click OK.
- Select Submit from Setup menu.
- When the calculation is completed you will be notified.
- Select Output from the Display menu.
Record the heat of formation value given
See these Helpful Hints for manipulating structures!
Note:
| 1 au = 1 hartree = 627.5 kcal/mol |
| 1 eV = 23.06 kcal/mol |
| 1 hartree = 27.21 eV |
| 1 Ångstrom = 1.889762 atomic units = 10-8 cm |
PART III. (Aldol Condensation, In-lab assignment)
|
1. Calculate the dipole moment for dihedral angles:
0 through 180 degrees in 15 degree increments.
Plot the dipole moment of benzil vs. the dihedral angle.
|
Newman Projection of Benzil
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Instructions:
- click on Constrain Dihedral angle tool,
- select the atoms shown below in the specific sequence O..C..C..O. This will define two planes O1C1C2 and C1C2O2, which are going to be rotated towards each other in this part.
- Click on the lock tool,
, in the bottom right corner so that it looks like this, 
- Set the dihedral angle to 0 and hit the ENTER key.
- click on the minimize tool,
, and wait for the operation to complete.
- click on the minimize tool, , a second time and wait for the operation to complete.
- Select Calculations from the Setup menu. The following window should appear. Select the options shown.
- Make sure the
- Click OK to close the window.
- Select Submit from Setup menu. When the calculation is completed you will be notified.
- Under the Display menu, select Properties.
- A window should appear (the values in this example should differ from yours). If there are no values in the window then you need to double click on the molecule.
- Record the dipole moment and energy given. (In this example the dipole = 3.9 debye).
- Calculate the dipole moment for dihedral angles: 0 through 180 degrees in 15 degree increments. (Hint: Just click on the pink bond and change the value in the box.). Do not define a new constraint at this point. This will confuse the program completely!
- For the higher angles (>120 degrees), you might have to uncheck the symmetry box in the setup calculation menu. However, sometimes it works better if the approach is for the higher angles is from 180 degrees going down.
- Using EXCEL, plot the dipole moment and energy of benzil vs. the dihedral angle (use MS Excel, XY Scatter plot). Rationalize the observed trends.